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There is evidence that sacred places across the world are launching augmented reality (AR) applications. This application of AR is somehow prompted by the most recent Covid-19 pandemic where in-person experiences are altered by the virtual. AR, as an innovative technology, augments the physical environment with digitally generated imagery that can generate privileges for tourists in sacred places and become the reason to trigger cultural conflicts and religious controversy. This in-depth interview-based research aims to explore the tourists' views and ideas of applying AR in the Mosque City of Bagerhat of Bangladesh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in terms of possibilities, cultural conflicts, and religious controversy. Findings show that the application of AR in a sacred place can support tourists in many useful ways, can offer them positive experiences, and help in sustainability concerns of the site. However, the application of AR in a sacred place can be an element of conflicting interests between the religious and general tourists. Adequate attention is thus required from the parties involved in terms of applying AR in the Mosque City of Bagerhat of Bangladesh, a sacred religious site.
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Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary domain which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. The new coronavirus disease, otherwise known as Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has severely affected the everyday life of people all over the world. Specifically, since there is insufficient access to vaccines and no straight or reliable treatment for coronavirus infection, the country has initiated the appropriate preventive measures (like lockdown, physical separation, and masking) for combating this extremely transmittable disease. So, individuals spent more time on online social media platforms (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Reddit) and expressed their thoughts and feelings about coronavirus infection. Twitter has become one of the popular social media platforms and allows anyone to post tweets. This study proposes a sine cosine optimization with bidirectional gated recurrent unit-based senti-ment analysis (SCOBGRU-SA) on COVID-19 tweets. The SCOBGRU-SA technique aimed to detect and classify the various sentiments in Twitter data during the COVID-19 pandemic. The SCOBGRU-SA technique follows data pre-processing and the Fast-Text word embedding process to accomplish this. Moreover, the BGRU model is utilized to recognise and classify sen-timents present in the tweets. Furthermore, the SCO algorithm is exploited for tuning the BGRU method's hyperparameter, which helps attain improved classification performance. The experimental validation of the SCOBGRU-SA technique takes place using a benchmark dataset, and the results signify its promising performance compared to other DL models.
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An innovative tool in the field of e-learning, augmented reality applications help students learn more quickly inside of online classrooms. Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19, conventional methods of instruction had to be put on hold at the outset of the pandemic. In light of the recent COVID-19 epidemic in Asia, this research explores college students' perspective on online education using augmented reality software. Based on the idea of planned behavior, this research developed a conceptual model to investigate the attitudes and intentions of college students about the use of an augmented reality app for course-related e-learning. Information from 135 Asian college students was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Students' attitudes and a sense of agency over their own actions had the greatest impact on their propensity to embrace augmented reality applications for e-learning, whereas subjective norms had a very little role, as seen by the study's findings. These findings validate students' interest in and acceptance of cutting-edge education methods like augmented reality applications. © 2023 NSP Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
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BACKGROUND: Pain is as a major concern with dental patients. The dentist-patient interaction can reveal the presence of anxiety and fear, which may result in rise of pain. This study aimed to assess vocabulary communication as support to dental anesthesia on the adult dental patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized clinical study, conducted from February 2020 through March 2021. Two hundred individuals (112 males, 88 females) of the age range (16 to 84 years) were separated into two groups for testing the level of pain during dental local anesthesia, with vocal communication and without vocal communication. RESULTS: While the control group showed no difference between males and females, there was a difference between the sexes in the experimental group with past dental visits, VAS and injection type having less anxiety (p=0.0001) while with education/VAS having (p£0.01) as appear in sex to age (p£0.05). There was no difference when data were compared by age, or type of anesthesia (inferior alveolar nerve block or infiltration technique). CONCLUSION: Dental anxiety can be alleviated by talking to the patients before the procedure, which could reduce the amount of pain. © 2023 University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this study is to look at the variations in chest computed tomography (CT) use, radiation dose and image quality in the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia patients in Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective study of 402 patients with COVID-19, who were treated between February and October 2021. Radiation dose was estimated using metrics of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE). The imaging performance of the CT scanners was evaluated by measuring different parameters, such as resolution and CT number uniformity, with an ACR-CT accreditation phantom. Expert radiologists assessed the diagnostic quality and occurrence of artefacts. For all of the image quality parameters tested, the majority of the scanner sites (80%) were found to be within the suggested acceptance limits. Ground-glass opacities were the most common finding in our patient sample (54%). On chest CT exams with typical appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia, the most respiratory motion artefacts (56.3%) were present, followed by those with indeterminate appearance (32.2%). There were significant differences in CT utilization, CTDIvol and SSDE across the collaborated sites. The use of CT scans and radiation doses varied in the COVID-19 patients, highlighting the optimizations of CT protocols at participating sites.
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The global outbreak of COVID-19 has fundamentally reshaped human mobility. Compared to other modes of transportation, how spatiotemporal patterns of urban bike-sharing have evolved since the outbreak is yet to be fully understood, especially for bike-sharing systems operating on a smaller scale. Taking Pittsburgh as a case study, we examined the changes in spatiotemporal dynamics of shared bike usage from 2019 to 2021. By distinguishing between weekday and weekend usage, we found different temporal patterns between trip volume and duration, and distinct spatial patterns of within- and between-region rides with respect to naturally separated regions. Overall, the results illustrate the resilience and the vital role of bike-sharing during the pandemic, consistent with previous observations on bike-sharing systems of a larger scale. Our study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of bike-sharing that calls for more research on smaller-scale systems under disruptive events such as the pandemic, which can greatly inform decision-makers from smaller sized cities and enable future studies to compare across different urban regions or modes of transportation.
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Context Anxiety is one of the mood changes that occur postcoronavirus disease-2019 (post-COVID-19) and interfere with patients' daily activity. After supposed clinical and radiological improvement to COVID-19, some still experience somatic complaints such as sensation of dyspnea. Aims Evaluating the relation between COVID-19 survivors and anxiety and to what extent this could affect their functional status. Settings and design Ain Shams University Hospital, survey study. Patients and methods The survey included 120 patients post-COVID-19 one month or more and free symptoms attending Ain Shams University Hospitals Chest Outpatient Clinic for follow-up, 45% of them were in the age group 35-55 years, 56.7% were females, 78.3% had high education, and 27.5% were smokers. All included study participants were subjected to computed tomography of chest, oxygen saturation, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Arabic version, and Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) Dyspnea Scale. chi 2 -test (or Fisher's exact test) was used to compare data between different groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between the features of individuals and their degree of anxiety. Results The most annoying COVID-19 symptoms as reported by this study participants were body pains (32.5%). About 61.7% of participants had high-state anxiety and 51.7% had high-trait anxiety. The age group 20-34 years was significantly associated with higher frequency of moderate or high-state anxiety (P0.05), male sex was significantly associated with lower frequency of moderate or high-state anxiety compared with females (P0.05). Conclusions Age and sex were important association factors with the prevalence of anxiety in post-COVID-19 patients. Higher grades of dyspnea were associated with higher probability of development of moderate or severe post-COVID anxiety.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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The use of technology has arguably benefited the tourism and hospitality industry of the Middle East. Tourists, on the other side, are also privileged for having easier access to scheduling their trips and finding all of the details they need to schedule the perfect trip with the ubiquitous help from the internet. They can also instantly find the necessary information about any chosen destination by browsing the internet. Theoretically, general technology-enhanced tourism and hospitality are relatively well investigated by researchers, meaning that;investigating the effects of technology-based tourism in the Middle East in the challenging pandemic time can be useful. Thus, this chapter is focused on discussing the advancements of the technology-based tourism and hospitality industry in the Middle East, highlighting the COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19 pandemic period. Current scholarly literature on technology-based tourism in the Middle East is brought into the discussion to generate insightful findings for the tourism policy-makers and relevant stakeholders in the Middle East. Results outline the opportunities and challenges of technology-based tourism in the Middle East with theoretical analysis. Although the chapter has limited discussion on a few Middle Eastern countries, it discovers valuable comprehension for the travelers and tourism policy-makers. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
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This book offers a meticulous overview of the future of tourism in Asian countries. This book provides new dimensions to the tourism research and tourism industry as it is concerned with the future vision of tourism in Asia. The main purpose of the book is to envision the outcomes both positive and negative from the tourism industry to prepare our future generations. This book expands on the concept that tourism is not sedentary and is ever changing rapidly. A unique feature of the book is that it brings into limelight the unexplored places of Asia as well as a growth of low-cost tourism in Asia This book discusses how Asia can enjoy the competitive advantage in future. Also, whether the future outlook is bright or dark for the tourism sector in the Asia region. This book highlights the unexplored themes of tourism in Asia such as Over-tourism, Sports Tourism, Baby Boomers and Seenger Tourism, Literary Tourism, Experiential Tourism, Psychographic Segmentation of Future Tourists. The chapters have been authored by experts in their respective fields. This book allows readers to explore how different Asian countries might best serve tourism products in the future. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
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Nowadays, the usage of social media platforms is rapidly increasing, and rumours or false information are also rising, especially among Arab nations. This false information is harmful to society and individuals. Blocking and detecting the spread of fake news in Arabic becomes critical. Several artificial intelligence (AI) methods, including contemporary transformer techniques, BERT, were used to detect fake news. Thus, fake news in Arabic is identified by utilizing AI approaches. This article develops a new hunter-prey optimization with hybrid deep learning-based fake news detection (HPOHDL-FND) model on the Arabic corpus. The HPOHDL-FND technique undergoes extensive data pre-processing steps to transform the input data into a useful format. Besides, the HPOHDL-FND technique utilizes long-term memory with a recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN) model for fake news detection and classification. Finally, hunter prey optimization (HPO) algorithm is exploited for optimal modification of the hyperparameters related to the LSTM-RNN model. The performance validation of the HPOHDL-FND technique is tested using two Arabic datasets. The outcomes exemplified better performance over the other existing techniques with maximum accuracy of 96.57% and 93.53% on Covid19Fakes and satirical datasets, respectively. © 2023 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.
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Contexte: Une reinfection par le SRAS-CoV-2 est definie comme un nouvel episode infectieux survenu au moins 90 jours apres le premier chez un individu ayant deja ete infecte au moins une fois par ce virus, avec ou sans manifestations cliniques au premier ou aux episodes subsequents. Methodes: Les cas de reinfections presumees sont identifies a l'aide des donnees des laboratoires heberges a l'INSPQ du 19 avril 2020 au 5 janvier 2022. Une analyse descriptive est realisee selon les donnees demographiques, la symptomatologie et la gravite de la maladie (hospitalisation, admission en unite de soins intensifs et deces). Le risque de reinfection est egalement estime avec des rapports de taux (RT) et de rapports de cote (RC). Resultats: Un total de 13 476 cas de reinfections presumees a ete identifie depuis le debut de la pandemie. Les personnes ayant une reinfection presumee sont plus souvent asymptomatiques (1,65 fois) que les personnes ayant une premiere infection. Le risque cumulatif de reinfections presumees avant la vague Omicron par apport au risque d'infection (RT : 0,13 [0,13-0,14]) a presque triple lorsqu'on inclut les cas du debut de la vague Omicron (RT : 0,38 [0,38-0,39]). Le nombre de reinfections presumees est passe de 5,9 pour 1 000 primo-infections avant la vague Omicron a 33,9 pour 1000 primo-infections durant la vague Omicron. Les cas de reinfections presumees presentent toutefois une gravite de la maladie qui est moindre pour les hospitalisations (RC : 0,40 [0,33-0,48]), les admissions en unite de soins intensifs (RC : 0,17 [0,10-0,30]) et les deces (RC : 0,17 [0,12-0,24]). Discussion/Conclusion: Bien que la frequence de reinfections presumees ait augmente avec la vague Omicron, ces cas restent peu nombreux et presentent un risque moindre pour la gravite de la maladie. Declaration de liens d'interets: Les auteurs declarent ne pas avoir de liens d'interets.Copyright © 2022
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Background: Immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 became necessary to control the menace of COVID-19. However, the safety of COVID-19 vaccines must be monitored continuously. The present study aims at comparing the effectiveness and adverse effects of Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines among the cohort of medical students. Methods: It was a single-cohort comparative study, and the data were collected using an online survey from participants who took at least two doses of AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines. The data included demography, breakthrough infections, and adverse effects following vaccination. Bivariate and logistic regression models were used to find associations between effectiveness and independent variables. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: In total, 115 students who had received Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 21.52. Female (n = 90) participants were more compared to males (n = 25). The majority of them received Pfizer vaccine (95), while AstraZeneca was received by only 20 participants. Overall effectiveness of both AstraZeneca and Pfizer was nearly 85%, while almost 100% protection was observed among those who were vaccinated after contracting the disease. Logistic regression revealed an independent effect of COVID-19 before any vaccination dose offered 66% protection against any subsequent breakthroughs (odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.095-2.08). At least one adverse effect was reported by 96 (83.5%) participants (95% CI: 75.4%-89.75%). Pain at the site of injection, fever, generalized weakness, and headache were the most common adverse effects. Fever (P < 0.001), body ache (P < 0.001), generalized weakness (P = 0.002), and joint pain (P = 0.014) were significantly more common in AstraZeneca as compared to Pfizer. Conclusion: Coronavirus vaccines were well tolerated, safe, and induced protection in most participants. Most postvaccine adverse events were mild to moderate, mainly due to induction of immune response by the body for protection. Furthermore, these mild to moderate adverse effects should not be hindrance to vaccination. © The Author(s) 2023.
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Since the outbreak of COVID-19, overtourism was one of the most buzzing terms in many of the world's popular tourism destinations. Overtourism was featured as a problem for decades, and evidently, protests of the residents against the visitors were common. Simultaneously, the tourists reported frustrating holiday experiences owing to overcrowding, longer queues, and socio-environmental degradation of the destinations. Cox's Bazar that is Bangladesh's one of the most popular tourist destinations during the peak season, is not an exception. Thus, this research aims to figure out the causes and repercussions of overtourism in Cox's Bazar before COVID-19. The study then analyses the overall scenario of overtourism in Cox's Bazar during and after the post-COVID-19. This study is carried out relying on both primary and secondary data sources. Besides in-depth interviews of the locals, tourists, industry stakeholders, journal articles, organizational and government publications, website materials, and other sources are used as sources of data and information generation for pre, after, and post COVID-19 overtourism scenario in Cox's Bazar. Based on findings, the chapter suggests guidelines to monitor and mitigate the detrimental influences of overtourism in Cox's Bazar. As expected, this study can support tourism destinations to tackle possible issues generated from overtourism and guide the authorities for the more beneficial tourism industry. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
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This book meticulously focuses on seeing technological solutions of overtourism on decimated destinations from a comprehensive viewpoint. Considering the present crisis situation, the global tourism industry is in need to formulate revised strategies to recover and to be more resilient. The book creates a platform to deliberate the measures needed to be taken to tackle the issue of this most recent crisis of COVID-19 on the lens of overtourism and technology application. The book adds some unique suggestions to direct a new outlook towards overtourism, technology solutions and decimated destinations. This book discusses the responsibilities of tourists towards decimated destinations as well as provides in-deep knowledge and debates about technological solutions to overtourism in decimated destinations. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
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Tourism is an industry that covers many social and economic fields, creating it a great growth vector. For the overall growth and development of the tourism industry, both domestic and foreign direct investment (FDI) play critical roles. On the ground of general understanding of investment Hayes (Investment. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investment.asp. Accessed on 1 Nov 2020, 2021) explains that, an investment can be featured as a financial asset purchased with the hope to increase value or to earn money in the future. An investment typically comprises the existing spending of some assets (time, effort, money, etc.) with the prospect of a better return in the future than what was initially invested. A business, stocks, bonds, real estate holdings, for example, are some of the investment types. The key objective to invest is for generating income and increasing the value of an asset over time. Thus, any such mechanism to earn future income can be referred to as an investment. This can involve, for example, the acquisition of real estate property, stocks, bonds etc. Buying a business or property that can be used for manufacturing things or for offering services for commercial purposes can also be judged as investments. In addition, an activity that is made with the hopes to increase future revenue can be viewed as an investment, in general. When it comes for pursuing extra education, for example, the aim is frequently for broadening one's knowledge and improving one's capabilities (with the hope to ultimately produce more income). Because investing is based on the expectation of future income or growth, there is almost always some risks involved. It is possible that an investment can fail for paying off or losing money over time. An investor may, for example, put money into a business or company that goes bankrupt or a project that never gets off the ground. Saving is the practice of accumulating money for future use with no risk, whereas investing is the act of leveraging money for a potential future profit with risk. However, and not unexpectedly, surveys show, that tourism is relatively one of the higher priority industries for attracting investment promotion agencies (IPAs) all over the world (Endo, Tour Manag 27:600–614, 2006). Successful promotion is crucial for attracting investors in the industry, given the increasing international competitiveness between the destinations in tourism and the investment projects' greater contestability. Tourist destinations seek to draw financial capital from abroad and market and grow local attractions through human capital, as entrepreneurs, international franchises, and hospitality and travel managers. Such activities are often quite successfully undertaken, while raising foreign capital investment for tourism projects very often becomes a challenge. In the tourism industry, capital investment is negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
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Background: The emergence of COVID-19 posed a threat to millions of lives worldwide. The pandemic impacts extended to affect people's psychological well-being, resulting in significant behavioural change. This study was designed to assess the knowledge regarding COVID-19 precautions among the College of Applied Medical Science students at Jazan University and to evaluate the general, psychosocial, and behavioral changes due to COVID-19. Methods: This is an observational study targeting 630 undergraduate students randomly selected during January 2020, using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the predictors of three outcome measures: knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores. Results: Knowledge of COVID-19 revealed that the students with correct answers ranged from 48.9 to 95%. Furthermore, significant gender differences are found regarding shortness of breath, fatigue, persistent chest discomfort, headache, and malaise (p < 0.05). Knowledge scores differed significantly across gender and academic level (p < 0.05) and so does attitude scores (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between practice scores according to socio-demographic background (p > 0.05). The linear regression model showed that females had significantly higher knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores (p < 0.05) as well as those within the 21-23 age group and above (p < 0.05). Students residing in urban and semi-urban places had significantly higher scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practice (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated moderate knowledge about COVID-19 among study participants, with significant differences between the responses of males and females and among the urban and rural populations. Outcomes suggest the need for interventions to bridge students' knowledge about COVID-19 and practice gaps. Students were concerned about basic life amenities and the inability to provide for their dear ones regarding behavioral changes.
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Infection with the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) results in a variety of clinical symptoms, including various neurological abnormalities. Peripheral nervous system symptoms, such as peripheral neuropathies, were often recorded in the medical literature, primarily as Guillain-Barré syndrome. Mononeuropathy multiplex is a multifocal axonal neuropathy commonly associated with vasculitis or connective tissue disease. Recent evidence about its associations with severe COVID-19 infection and intensive care unit hospitalization is being considered. A 58-year-old man with clinical and electrophysiological confirmation of mononeuropathy multiplex was reported during the peri-COVID-19 illness. He was treated with steroids and achieved a satisfactory response. Therefore, clinical and neurophysiological evaluation is recommended for any patient presenting with neurological manifestations following COVID-19 infection.
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The situation where one can practise working from home is not easy for some people in Malaysia, especially those with limited space at home. Working from home (WFH), on the other hand, needs to be rethought and thoroughly examined for individuals in the bottom 40 percent (B40) for a variety of reasons. A total of 144 samples from low-income households in Shah Alam responded to the structured questionnaire. The questionnaire focuses on two main investigations: (1) the WFH conditions in terms of space and environment among the B40;and (2) how they manage WFH distractions in connection to the house space and environment. According to survey results, most respondents prefer working in a bedroom or living room since it is a more pleasant environment. The availability of electrical plugs, internet access, and adequate ventilation are further considerations that influence their choice of workspace. The survey's findings indicated that the lack of a comfortable workspace made the majority of respondents unhappy about practising WFH. The majority of responders suggested that future bedrooms be larger to guarantee that those practising WFH are comfortable. The results of this study are expected to enhance the planning and design of residential living space and pave the way for future low-cost housing development that places greater emphasis on the well-being of the urban poor. © 2022 by MIP.
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Objective: To determine prevalence of online fatigue among academicians and to analyse factors associated with online fatigue. Study Design: Analytical, cross-sectional study. Place and During of Study: The study was conducted online from Nov 2021 to Apr 2022 on academicians belonging to educational institutions and teaching hospitals of Rawalpindi Pakistan. Methodology: One hundred fifty academicians, aged 20-75 years, belonging to Rawalpindi were enrolled through snowball sampling. Data was collected online by using google forms. A validated questionnaire having an online fatigue scale was used. Partial responses were excluded. Qualitative variables were expressed as frequency and percentage while quantitative variables were expressed as mean and S.D. Chi-square test was applied. Results: Out of 150 academics, 72(48%) were males and 78(52%) were females. Mean age of participants was 32±9.4 years. Amongst the study participants 27(18%), 67(44.7%), 50(33.3%) and 6(4%) suffered from mild, moderate, severe and extreme online fatigue respectively. The degree of online fatigue was found to be significantly associated with female gender (p=0.000), older age (p=0.005) and higher level of education (p=0.002). Association of online fatigue with factors such as workplace (p=0.054), residence (p=0.129) and amount of technology usage (p=0.995) was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Our study showed that online fatigue was prevalent among the academic community of Rawalpindi, especially females. Online fatigue can be reduced by training the academicians about work-life balance and updating their knowledge on practical technology. © 2022, Army Medical College. All rights reserved.
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Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the pattern of medical services changed to minimize transmission to health care workers (HCWs) or hospitalized patients. Despite the care of COVID-19 patients in a special ward, new cases are accidentally discovered. This study aimed at determining the antibody seroprevalence among asymptomatic HCWs and the associated risks. Methods: The study involved 190 participants, including physicians, nurses, technicians, and administrative staff. All were inquired for sociodemographic, specialty, previous isolation, and previous infection, and their blood was tested for SARS-CoV2 antibody. Results: Of 190 HCWs;72,1% were females, the mean age was 32.6±7.9 years, 10.5% were smokers, and 15.8% reported co-morbid illness. SARS CoV2 antibodies were found in 68 (35.8%);being IgG, IgM and both IgM and IgG in 47 (69.1%), 10 (14.7%) and 11 (16.2%) participants respectively. The prevalence was higher (47.6%) among HCWs of the COVID unit, [OR=1.7 (95% CI: 0.69-4.3)] and HCWs with previous COVID-19, OR:1.61 (95% CI:0.88-2.94). The prevalence was significantly lower among smokers (p=0.049), OR:0.29 (95% CI:0.08-1.01), and significantly higher in HCWs who recalled cough (p=0.036) OR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.05-3.69). The likelihood of antibody seropositivity increased in technicians [OR:2.02 (95% CI: 0.92-4.44)], followed by physicians [OR:1.7 (95% CI: 0.7-4.33)] while the odds ratio was low among nurses [OR:0.58 (95% CI: 0.32-1.07). Conclusion: A considerable proportion of antibody positive HCWs had evidence of past SARS CoV2. Provision of adequate personal protective equipment and periodic screening of HCWs are urgently needed to lessen the transmission within the health care settings. © 2020 The author (s).